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Ophthalmic Dictionary of Eye Conditions & Terms
A
accommodation |
Adjustment of the shape of the lens to change the focus of the eye. This occurs through the ciliary muscles contracting and zonular relaxation that causes the elastic like lens to “round up” and increase its optical power. There is a natural loss of accommodation with increasing age and this is called presbyopia. |
achromatopsia |
Complete colour blindness that can be congenital (born with it), or through disease or injury. |
acne keratitis |
Inflammation of the cornea that is associated with acne rosacea. |
acne rosacea |
A disease of the skin that causes redness of the forehead, nose and cheeks due to chronic dilatation of the capillaries under the skin; this becomes permanent with the intermittent formation of pustules in the affected areas. |
acute |
A sudden attack of a disease which is severe and of short duration. |
after-cataract |
Pieces of an opaque lens remaining in the eye or opacities forming in the capsule of the eye following cataract surgery. |
after-image |
A visual impression that remains briefly after sensory stimulation, e.g. after starring at a light bulb. |
age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) |
Group of conditions that includes the deterioration of the macula resulting in the loss of sharp central vision. There are two general types;
- Dry this is the more common.
- Wet in which new abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid & blood further disturbing the macular function.
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albinism |
A condition in which there is a congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes which may be partial or complete as in Albinos. |
ALK |
See automated lamellar keratoplasty. |
ametropia |
A condition in which there is an abnormal refractive power of the eye: myopia, hyperopia or astigmatism. |
amblyopia |
Sometimes known as “lazy eye”. Decreased vision in one or both eyes without a detectable disease of the eyeball or visual pathway. |
Amsler grid |
A test card or grid of black lines on a white background or white lines on a black background used for the detection of central visual field distortion or defects such as in macular degeneration. |
aniridia |
Lack of the whole iris (or part of the iris). |
anisocoria |
Inequality of the pupil size between the right & left eyes. |
anisometropia |
A difference in the refractive power of the two eyes. |
anomalopia |
A form of colour blindness where reds and greens look much the same. |
anterior chamber (ac) |
Fluid filled space inside the eye between the iris and the innermost corneal surface (endothelium). |
anterior chamber angle |
Junction of the front surface of the iris and the back surface of the cornea where aqueous fluid passes out of the eye. |
aphakia |
Absence of the eye’s crystalline lens such as after cataract extraction. |
aqueous humour (aqueous) |
Clear, watery fluid that fills the space between the back space of the cornea and the front surface of the vitreous, bathing the lens. The fluid is produced by the ciliary process and it nourishes the cornea, iris and lens and maintains the intraocular pressure. |
arcuate |
Arched, bow shaped. |
argon laser |
A type of Laser that produces an intense beam of light, used in eye surgery to treat disease of the retina, such as diabetic retinopathy, or glaucoma as in laser trabeculoplasty. |
A-Scan |
A radar like ultrasound device that emits very high frequency waves that are reflected by the ocular structures and converted into electrical impulses which are used for differentiating normal and abnormal eye tissue or for the measuring of the eyeball prior to intraocular lens implantation (cataract surgery). |
asthenopia |
Vague eye discomfort arising from the use of the eye which may consist of eye strain, headache and/or brow ache. It may also be related to uncorrected refractive error. |
astigmatism |
Inequality of the refractive power of an eye due to different curvatures of its corneal meridians (like the side of a Rugby Ball). |
asymmetry |
Inequality in the size or shape of two structures that are normally the same. |
asymptomatic |
Without symptoms. |
atopy |
A state of hypersensitivity to certain antigens (e.g. pollens) causing an allergic reaction:
Asthma, Eczema, Hay fever. |
automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) |
Excision of the outer corneal layers (lamellae) with a mechanical keratome (knife) usually as part of a refractive keratoplasty procedure. |
axis |
A line through the centre of a structure. |
B
Bell’s palsy |
Facial paralysis which can result in the failure to close the eye. |
beta blocker |
A group of drugs used to block the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor epinephrine (noradrenalin) at the nerve endings.
They are used in the eye to treat glaucoma e.g. timolol, betaxolol. |
bifocals |
Spectacles that incorporate two different powers in each lens usually for near and distance corrections. |
binocular vision |
Blending of the separate images seen by each eye into one composite image. |
bipolar cells |
Retinal cells that each have two long “tails” that receive nerve signals from the rods and cones and pass them on to the ganglion cells. |
blane |
See Stye. |
blepharitis |
Inflammation of the eyelids. |
blepharon |
The eyelid. |
blepharophimosis |
Abnormal narrowing of the opening between the eyelids. Usually congenital but may arise from chronic inflammation. |
blepharoptosis |
Drooping of the upper eyelid. |
blepharospasm |
Involuntary spasm of the muscles of the eyelids. |
blepharoplasty |
An operation to repair or re-construct the eyelid. |
blind |
Without sight. |
blind registration |
Now known as “Severe Sight Impaired”. Unable to read the top letters of the vision chart or to “do a job for which vision is essential”. |
blind spot |
The point where the optic nerve leaves the retina; it is insensitive to light. |
bruit |
An abnormal sound or “murmur” heard on listening to the heart and large blood vessels. |
B-Scan |
Type of ultrasound that provides a cross-section view of the tissues that cannot be seen directly. High frequency waves are reflected by the eye tissues and orbital structures and converted into electrical impulses which can be displayed or printed out. |
buphthalmos |
A condition seen in infants where the intraocular tension is raised (congenital glaucoma). |
C
canaliculus |
Small tube draining tears from the eyelid punctum into the lacrimal sac and the naso-lacrimal duct [plural: canaliculae]. |
canaloplasty |
A primary open angle glaucoma surgical procedure that begins as a viscocanalostomy with the addition of the passage of a micro-catheter 360° through Schlemm’s canal with visco-dilation and the placing of a circumferential tension device/suture within the canal. Also known as an Enhanced Viscocanalostomy (see also Viscocanalostomy). |
canthus |
The angle formed by the junction of the upper and lower eyelids. |
capillary |
The smallest blood vessel (smaller than a human hair). |
capsule or capsular bag |
The outermost layer of the crystalline lens “The Lens Capsule” or “bag”.
A fine “Clingfilm like” membrane which is left in the eye in most cases of cataract surgery to “shrink rap” the IOL and keep it in position. |
capsulotomy |
Cutting a gap in the lens capsular membrane, usually with a YAG Laser. |
cataract |
Opacity or cloudiness of the crystalline lens which may prevent a clear image from forming on the retina. May be caused as part of the aging process, as a result of injury or disease, or may be congenital. |
cataract extraction |
Surgical removal of the opaque crystalline lens. |
central retinal artery |
First branch of the ophthalmic artery which supplies nutrition to the inner two-thirds of the retina of the eye. |
central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) |
Blockage of the central retinal artery. Most common causes are: hardening of arteries, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes. |
central retinal vein |
Blood vessel that collects retinal venous blood drainage; it exits the eye through the optic nerve. |
central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) |
Blockage of the retinal vein. Commonly associated with hardening of the arteries with or without blood abnormalities, systemic diseases or glaucoma. |
central vision |
Results from stimulation of the fovea and macular areas which provide detailed vision, used for reading and discriminating fine detail and colour. |
chalazion |
Inflamed lump (cyst) in the meibomian gland (of the eyelid) that may resolve without treatment or require surgical removal. (See Meibomian Gland/Cyst). |
choroid |
The pigmented and vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and sclera; it provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. |
choroiditis |
Inflammation of the choroid. |
ciliary muscle |
A ring of very small muscles which change the shape of the lens to allow focusing. |
coloboma |
A congenital gap in the eye affecting the iris, choroid and the retina.
May give rise to a “keyhole pupil”. |
colour blindness |
Reduced ability to discriminate between colours, especially shades of red and green; usually hereditary. |
cone |
Light sensitive receptor cell in the retina that provides sharp visual acuity and colour discrimination. A normal retina has 7 million cones. |
congenital |
Existing before birth or at birth. |
conjunctiva |
Clear mucous membrane (moist skin) covering the outer surface of the eyeball, except the cornea, and lining the inner surface of the eyelids. |
conjunctivitis |
Sometimes called “pink eye” it is the inflammation of the conjunctiva usually associated with discharge, grittiness, redness and swelling. May be contagious. |
contact lens |
Small specially shaped lens used to correct a visual problem that sits in front of the eye, in front of the cornea. |
convergence |
Inward movement of both eyes toward each other in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as an object approaches. |
cornea |
Transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and anterior chamber and provides most of the eye’s optical power (a fixed focus lens). |
cornea guttata |
Protuberances of the corneal endothelium. May occur in the early stages of corneal dystrophy or as a result of aging or inflammation (particularly if confined to the peripheral cornea). |
corneal graft/transplant |
Surgical replacement of a damaged or diseased cornea (see keratoplasty). |
cross eyes |
See esotropia. |
crystalline lens |
The natural lens of the eye; it is the transparent, biconvex intraocular tissue that helps bring rays of light to a focus on the retina (a variable focus lens). |
cyclitis |
Inflammation of the ciliary body of the eye. |
cycloplegia |
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye. |
cycloplegic refraction |
Assessment of an eye’s refractive error after lens accommodation has been paralysed with cycloplegic eye drops to eliminate variability in optical power caused by accommodation. |
cyclpentolate |
An eye drop that paralyses the ciliary muscles and dilate the pupils. |
D
dacryocystography |
X-ray examination of the lacrimal duct using a radio-opaque contrast medium. |
dacryoadenectomy |
Surgical removal of a lacrimal gland. |
dacryocystorrhinostomy (DCR) |
An operation to create an opening between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity (for the treatment of watering eye). |
dacryolith |
A calculus (stone) in a lacrimal duct. |
dacryoma |
A benign tumour which arises from the lacrimal epithelium. |
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) |
See Lamellar Keratoplasty. |
Deep Endothelial Keratoplasty (DEK) |
A form of Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty in which only the very deepest layers of the cornea are transplanted/grafted. |
Deep Lamellar Keratoplasty |
A deep partial thickness anterior corneal transplant/graft (see DALK). |
descemet’s membrane |
The elastic membrane lining the posterior surface of the cornea,
Between the corneal stroma and the endothelial cells. |
descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty |
A form of Deep Endothelial Keratoplasty in which only the very deepest layers of the cornea are transplanted/grafted (see DSAEK). |
diabetic retinopathy |
Spectrum of retinal changes associated with long standing diabetes mellitus. |
dichromatic |
Relating to colour blindness where there is the ability to see only two of the three primary colours. |
dilatation |
The reflex widening of the pupil of the eye, in poor light, to admit more light onto the retina. |
dilated pupil |
Enlarged pupil resulting from the contraction of the dilator muscle or the relaxation of the iris sphincter; it can occur naturally or may be produced by certain drugs or as a result of blunt trauma (injury). |
dioptre |
Unit to designate the refractive power of a lens. |
diplopia |
Double vision. The perception of two images from one object caused by lack of co-ordination of the external eye muscles. |
divergence |
Abduction of the eyes (turning outward). |
DLK |
Deep Lamellar Keratoplasty (see Lamellar Keratoplasty). |
drusen |
Tiny white hyaline deposits on Bruch’s membrane (of the retinal pigment epithelium); common after the age of 60 and is sometimes and early sign of macular degeneration. (See also optic nerve drusen). |
Dry Eye Syndrome |
Corneal and conjunctival dryness caused by deficient tear production which can cause a “foreign body” sensation of ‘gritty’ or ‘burning eyes’ (see kerato-conjunctivitis [sicca]). |
DSAEK |
Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty.
A form of Deep Endothelial Keratoplasty in which only the very deepest layers of the cornea are transplanted/grafted. |
dyscoria |
Abnormal formation of the pupil of the eye. |
E
ecchymosis |
Black eye, usually caused by trauma. |
ectopia lentis |
Abnormal position of the lens of the eye. |
ectropion |
Outward turning of the upper or lower eyelid so that the lid margin does not rest against the eyeball but falls or is pulled away. This can create corneal exposure with excessive drying, tearing, irritation and ulceration of the cornea. Usually associated with aging. |
emmetropia |
Refractive state of having no refractive error when accommodation is at rest; images of distant objects are focused sharply on the retina without the need for corrective lenses. |
endophthalmitis |
Inflammation of the interior of the eye. |
enophthalmos |
When the eyeball is abnormally sunken into its socket. |
enhanced viscocanalostomy |
See viscocanalostomy & canaloplasty. |
entropion |
Inward turning of the upper or lower eyelid that results in the lid margin resting and rubbing against the eyeball producing irritation and ulceration of the cornea. Usually associated with aging. |
enucleation |
The removal of the eyeball either surgically or through trauma (injury). |
epiblepharon |
A congenital condition in which an excess of skin of the eyelid folds over the lid margin so that the eyelashes are pressed against the eyeball. |
Epi-LASIK |
A form of LASIK in which a blunt plastic oscillating blade is used to separate the outer corneal epithelium from the rest of the cornea. (It is similar to LASEK but uses a plastic blade instead of an alcohol solution). |
epilation |
Removal of eyelashes with their roots. |
epithelium |
Tissue that covers the external surface of the body and some organs (skin). |
epiphoria |
Persistent overflow of tears often due to an obstruction in the lacrimal passages or due to ectropion. |
episcleritis |
Inflammation of the outer coat of the eyeball. |
epicanthus |
Vertical fold of skin from the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner of the eye. |
esophoria |
Latent convergent strabismus (squint) where one or both eyes turn inwards only when one is covered up. |
esotropia |
Convergent strabismus (squint) where one or other eye turns inwards resulting in double vision. |
excimer laser |
Excited Dimer Laser; a class of ultraviolet lasers that removes tissues accurately. In refractive corneal surgery, controlled by computer, the Excimer Laser is used to make a precise pre-programmed removal of corneal tissue to produce a given optical correction. |
exophoria |
Where the eyes have a tendency to turn outwards. |
exophthalmos |
Protrusion of the eyeball which may be caused by injury or disease and is often seen in hyperthyroidism. |
exotropia |
Divergent strabismus (squint) where the eyes turn outwards. |
extra capsular |
Outside the capsule of the eye. |
extraocular |
Outside the eye. |
extraocular muscles |
Six muscles that move the eyeball (lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus and inferior rectus). |
eyelids |
Structures covering the front of the eye which protect the eye, limit the amount of light entering the pupil and distribute tear film over the exposed corneal surface. |
F
far sightedness |
See hyperopia. |
femtosecond laser |
An “ultrashort pulsed laser” used to cut the cornea in place of a mechanical blade in e.g. LASIK and Keratoplasty. |
field of vision |
The area that can be seen without moving the eyes. |
floaters |
Particles that float in the vitreous and cast shadows on the retina and may be seen as “spots, cobwebs, spiders” etc. occurs normally with aging or with vitreous detachment, retinal tears or inflammation. |
fluorescein angiography |
A technique used for visualising and recording the location and size of blood vessels and any eye problems affecting them. Fluorescein dye is injected into a vein in the arm then rapid sequential photographs are taken of the eye as the dye circulates. |
focus |
The point where rays of light meet after passing through a lens. |
follicle |
A very small sac or gland. |
fovea |
The central pit in the macula that produces the sharpest vision and contains a high concentration of cones but no retinal vessels. |
fundus |
The interior posterior surface of the eyeball that includes the retina, optic disc, macula and posterior pole. It can be seen with an ophthalmoscope. |
G
ganglion cells |
Nerve cells in the retina that transfer messages from the rods and cones to the nerve fibres that pass messages to the brain. |
glaucoma |
Group of diseases characterised by increased intraocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibres. It is a common cause of preventable vision loss and may be treated with prescription drugs or surgery.
- Primary Glaucoma: occurs without any previous disease. Common cause of blindness, partial or complete, in the elderly.
- Closed Angle Glaucoma: Occurs when there is a mechanical defect in the drainage angle and may be primary or secondary. It may be acute when there is pain and blurring of vision or chronic when there may be no pain but a gradual loss of vision. Associated with hyperopia.
- Open Angle Glaucoma: Chronic primary glaucoma where the angle remains open but drainage becomes gradually diminished
- Secondary Glaucoma: Occurs when some ocular disease is complicated by an increase in intraocular pressure.
- Normotensive Glaucoma: Occurs in eyed with apparently normal intraocular pressure.
|
gonioscopy |
Examination of the anterior chamber angle through a special contact lens incorporating mirrors called a goniolens. |
guttae (gut/gt) |
Drops: usually used to deliver medication to the eyes. |
guttata |
See Cornea Guttata. |
H
halo |
Coloured ring or rings seen around lights by people with glaucoma. |
hemianopia |
Partial blindness where the patient can only see one half of the normal field of vision in both eyes. It arises from disorders of the optic tract and of the occipital lobe. |
herpes zoster ophthalmicus |
Shingles affecting the first division of the 5th cranial nerve. The forehead, face and nose are affected with the cornea also usually involved. Neuralgic pain may be severe and vesicles (very small blister containing clear fluid) may appear on the nostrils. Keratitis may occur and the pain may persist to lesser degree for several months. |
Hess Screen test |
A test performed for paralytic squint. The degree of diplopia is recorded on a chart. |
heterochromia |
A difference in colour in the irides of the two eyes; may be congenital or secondary due to inflammation. |
heterophoria |
A tendency to squint when fusion is interrupted; occurs mainly when the person is tired or in poor health. |
hippus |
Alternate contraction and dilatation of the pupils. |
hordeolum |
External hordeolum: A stye, Inflammation of a sebaceous gland of an eyelash.
Internal hordeolum: Infected meibomian cyst. |
Humphreys field analyzer |
Instrument used to assess visual fields. |
hyalitis |
Inflammation of the hyaloid membrane or vitreous (humour) in the eyeball. |
hyaloid membrane |
A delicate transparent membrane surrounding the vitreous humour of the eye. |
hypermetropia (hyperopia) |
Long sighted; the light rays entering the eye converge beyond the retina. Clear vision can be obtained by the wearing of corrective convex spectacles or contact lenses or with laser surgery or Intraocular Implants. |
hyphaema |
Haemorrhage (bleeding) into the anterior chamber of the eye. |
hypometropia |
See Myopia. Short sightedness. |
hypopyon |
An accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye. |
I
image |
The optical picture transferred to the brain cells by the optical nerve. |
inferior |
Lower. |
intracapsular |
Within a capsule; usually a joint.
Intracapsular Extraction – the removal of the whole lens with its capsule in the treatment of cataracts. |
intraocular |
Within the eyeball. |
Intraocular Lens Implant |
An artificial “plastic” lens which is implanted into the eye. Most commonly in association with cataract extraction. |
IOL |
Acronym for Intraocular Lens (Implant).
(See also Phakic IOL). |
intraocular pressure (IOP) |
Pressure within the eye. |
iris |
Pigmented ring shaped muscular screen lying behind the cornea that gives colour to the eye (e.g. blue eyes) and controls the amount of light entering the eye by varying the size of the pupillary opening (iris diaphragm). |
iritis |
Inflammation of the iris causing pain, photophobia, contraction of the pupils and discolouration of the iris. (See uveitis). |
Ishihara colour charts |
Patterns of dots of the primary colours on similar backgrounds that can be seen by normal sighted people but those who are colour blind will only be able to identify some of them. |
J
K
keratectasia |
Protrusion of the cornea following inflammation. |
keratectomy |
Excision of a portion of the cornea. |
keratic |
Relating to the cornea
- Keratic precipitates: inflammatory exudates adhering to the back of the cornea. A sign of iritis and cyclitis.
|
keratitis |
Inflammation of the cornea
- Interstitial Keratitis – deep chronic keratitis usually arising out of congenital syphilis.
- Striate keratitis – inflammation that appears in lines due to the folding over of the cornea after injury or operation, particularly one for cataract.
|
kerato-conjunctivitis |
Inflammation of both the cornea and the conjunctiva of the eye.
kerato-conjunctivitis sicca = Dry Eye Syndrome |
kerato-iritis |
Inflammation of both the cornea and iris of the eye. |
keratoconus |
Conical cornea; a degenerative condition in which the cornea becomes thin and protruded into a cone shape (like the tip of a rugby ball). |
kerato-malacia |
Softening of the cornea. |
keratome |
A knife with a triangular shaped blade for incising the cornea. |
keratometry |
Obtaining accurate corneal curvature measurements with a keratometer. |
keratoplasty |
An operation on the cornea including corneal graft/transplantation,
May be “full thickness” or “partial thickness” (see Lamellar Keratoplasty). |
L
lacrimal |
Relating to tears.
- Lacrimal Apparatus: the structures secreting the tears and draining the fluid from the conjunctival sac
- Lacrimal Gland: A gland that secretes tears which drain through two small openings in the eyelids (Lacrimal Puncta) into a pair of ducts (Lacrimal Canaliculi) into the lacrimal sac and then into the nasal cavity through the naso-lacrimal duct
|
lamellar keratoplasty |
A partial thickness Corneal Transplant/Graft. (See Deep Lamellar Keratoplasty). |
LASER |
An acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A high energy light source that uses light emitted by the natural vibrations of atoms (of a gas or solid material) to cut, burn or dissolve tissue for various clinical purposes. |
LASEK |
An acronym of Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis. A type of refractive surgery where the cornea is re-shaped to change its optical power.
The outermost layer of the cornea, the corneal epithelium, is softened with alcohol and pushed to one side and then an excimer laser is used to reshape the inner part of the cornea, before the epithelium is replaced, to correct myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism (see also Epi-LASIK). |
LASIK |
An acronym of Laser in Situ Keratomileusis. A type of refractive surgery where the cornea is re-shaped to change its optical power.
The top of the cornea is first sliced with either a microkeratome or a femtosecond laser to create a “flap” and then an excimer laser is used to reshape the inner part of the cornea, or “bed”, to correct myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism .(see also Epi-LASIK). |
lazy eye |
See amblyopia. |
legal blindness |
Meets the criteria for Registration on “The Blind Register” (see Blind Registration & Partial Sighted Registration). |
lens |
See crystalline lens. |
lens implant |
A plastic lens which is implanted into the eye. (See Intraocular Implant: IOL). |
light adaptation |
The changes that take place in the eye when the intensity of light increases or decreases as in “night vision”. |
light coagulation |
A method of treating retinal detachment by directing a beam of strong light from a carbon arc through the pupil to the affected area. |
limbus |
An edge or border; Corneal Limbus: The border where the cornea joins the sclera. |
lipaemia retinalis |
Condition in which the retinal blood vessels appear to be filled with “milk” due to the presence of an excess of fat in the blood. |
lithiasis (conjunctival) |
The formation of small white chalky area on the inner surface of the eyelids. |
long sight |
See hypermetropia, hyperopia. |
loupe |
A magnifying lens which may be used in eye examination. |
lysozyme |
A natural disinfecting agent which is produced in tears; it kills micro-organisms which could otherwise grow on the cornea. |
M
macrophthalmia |
A congenital condition of abnormally large eyes. |
macula |
Small central area of the retina surrounding the fovea; area of detailed central vision [a noun]. (Macular: Adjective). |
Maddox Rod test |
A test for muscle balance of the eyes using a lens comprised of red glass cylinders.
- Maddox Wing Test: a method of measuring the amount of heterophoria.
|
meibomian glands |
Small specialised sebaceous glands situated beneath the conjunctiva of the eyelids and responsible for the oily constituent of the tear film.
- Meibomian Cyst: a small swelling of the gland caused by an obstruction of its duct; if untreated it may become infected (see chalazion).
|
meibomitis |
A chronic inflammation of the meibomian glands. |
meiosis |
The process of cell division. |
meniscus |
A lens having on convex and one concave surface. |
microcornea |
A condition in which the cornea is smaller than normal producing hypermetropia and sometimes causing glaucoma. |
microkeratome |
A cutting or slicing device used in corneal surgery (see LASIK, epi-LASIK). |
microphthalmos |
A condition in which one or both yes are smaller than normal; their function may or may not be impaired. |
migraine
|
Paroxysmal attacks of severe headaches, often with nausea, vomiting and visual disturbance. |
MIGS |
Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery: This description indicates small incision glaucoma surgery, but does not specify the type of glaucoma surgery. |
miosis |
Contraction of the pupil of the eye to less than 2mm. |
miotic |
A drug which causes contraction of the pupil of the eye e.g. pilocarpine, morphine. |
mm/Hg |
Millimetres of mercury: unit of measurement that is used to measure intraocular pressure. |
molluscum contagiosum |
Benign tumour, arising in the epidermis, caused by a virus and transmitted by direct or indirect contact. |
monochromatic vision |
Seeing in black, white and shades of grey; a rare form of colour blindness. |
monocular |
Pertaining to or affecting one eye only. |
mydriasis |
Abnormal dilatation of the pupil of the eye; usually caused by injury to the pupil sphincter or by the use of mydriatic drugs. |
mydriatic |
Any drug which causes mydriasis; they are used in the examination of the eye and the treatment of inflammatory conditions e.g. atropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide. |
myopia |
Short Sighted, Hypometropia, Near Sighted. The light rays focus in front of the retina Clear vision can be obtained by the wearing of corrective concave spectacles or contact lenses or with laser surgery or Intraocular Implants. |
N
naevus |
A birthmark; an area of pigmentation of tissue often associated with dilated blood vessels.
- Choroidal Naevus: an unusual pigmented area on the choroid of the eye.
|
nasolacrimal |
Concerning both the nose and lacrimal apparatus.
- Naso-lacrimal Duct: The duct draining the tears from the canaliculae at the inner aspect of the eye into the inferior meatus of the nose.
|
neovascularisation |
Abnormal formation of new blood vessels, usually in or under the retina or iris surface or angle of the eye. May develop in diabetic retinopathy, blockage of the central retinal vein, retinopathy of prematurity or macular degeneration. |
neuromyelitis |
A disease in which there is bilateral optic neuritis and paraplegia. |
Nd-YAG Laser |
See YAG Laser. |
night blindness |
Loss of visual purple due to a deficiency in vitamin A which makes it difficult to see in dark or dim conditions. [Nyctalopia] (See Retinitis Pigmentosa). |
nyctalopia |
Night blindness. |
nystagmus |
Involuntary rhythmic side to side or up and down (oscillating) eye movements that are faster in one direction than the other. |
O
oblique |
Slanting
- Oblique Muscles: a pair of muscles, the inferior and superior, which turn the eye upwards and downwards and inwards and outwards.
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occlusion |
Closure
- Occlusion of the eye: covering a good eye to improve the visual acuity of the other, lazy eye.
- Occlusion of the pupil: Occlusion Pupillae. Obstruction of the pupil which may be congenital or occur in iridocyclitis or after injury.
- Central Retinal Vein Occlusion.
- Central Retinal Artery Occlusion.
|
ocular |
Relating to the eye. |
ocular prosthesis/implant |
An artificial eye which is inserted into the socket after enucleation of the eyeball. |
oculentum
abbreviated to Oc or Occ. |
Eye ointment. |
oculogyric |
Causing movement of the eyeball. |
oculomotor |
Relating to movements of the eye.
- Oculomotor Nerves: The third pair of cranial nerves which control the eye muscles.
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opacity |
Cloudiness, lack of transparency. Opacities occur in the lens of an eye when a cataract is forming; they also occur in the vitreous humour and appear as floating objects (floaters). |
ophthalmoscope |
Illuminated instrument for visualising the interior of the eye. |
ophthalmia |
Inflammation of the eye, involving especially the conjunctiva. |
ophthalmitis |
Inflammation of the eyeball. |
ophthalmologist |
A specialist in diseases of the eye. |
ophthalmology |
The study of the eye and its diseases. |
ophthalmometer |
An instrument for the accurate measurement of corneal astigmatism (Keratometer). |
ophthalmoplegia |
Paralysis of the muscles of the eye. |
ophthalmotonometer |
An instrument for measuring the intraocular tension of the eye (tonometer). |
optic |
Relating to vision
- Optic atrophy: Degeneration of the optic nerve.
- Optic chiasma: The crossing of the fibres of the optic nerves at the base of the brain.
- Optic disc: The point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball.
- Optic foramen: The opening in the posterior part of the orbit through which pass the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery.
- Optic nerve: A bundle of fibres running from the optic chiasma in the brain to the optic disc in the eyeball.
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optic nerve drusen |
Small hyaline “bumps” on the optic nerve head. Auto-fluoresce with cobalt blue light and barrier filter. |
optical |
Relating to sight. |
optician |
One who makes and fits spectacles. |
optometrist |
A person who is qualified to test people’s eyes and prescribe spectacles. |
optometry |
The measuring of visual acuity and the fitting of glasses to correct visual defects. |
orbit |
The bony cavity containing the eyeball. |
orthoptics |
The practice of treating by non surgical methods abnormalities of vision such as squint (strabismus). |
orthoptist |
One who specialises in the measurement and treatment of squint. |
P
palpebral |
Referring to the eyelids. |
palpebral aperture |
The gap between the two eyelids, when the eyes are open. |
palsy |
Paralysis
- Bell’s Palsy: Paralysis of the facial muscles on one side, supplied by the seventh cranial nerve.
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pannus |
Increased vascularity of the cornea leading to granulation tissue formation and impaired vision; it can occur after inflammation of the cornea e.g. trachoma. |
panophthalmia |
Inflammation of all tissues of the eyeball. |
papilla |
A small nipple shaped protuberance. [Plural: papillae]. |
papillary |
Composed of or relating to papillae. |
papillitis |
Inflammation of the optic disc. |
papilloedema |
Oedematous swelling of the optic disc indicating an increase in intracranial pressure. |
papilloma |
A benign growth of epithelial tissue e.g. wart. |
papillomatosis |
The occurrence of multiple papillomas. |
parallax |
When near objects seem to cross over distant ones as you move your head from side to side. |
paresis |
Partial paralysis. |
Parinaud’s Oculogranular Syndrome |
A chronic granulomatous conjunctivitis with regional lymphadenitis and pyrexia. |
partial sighted |
Unable to see the last few lines of the vision chart or has a significant visual field defect in the best eye. |
partial sighted registration |
“Sight Impaired Registration”, meets the criteria of “Partial Sight”.
PSR. |
patching |
Covering an amblyopic patient’s preferred eye to improve vision in the other eye. |
perimetry |
Method of charting the extent of a stationary eye’s field of vision with test objects of various sizes and light intensities. Aids in detection of damage to sensory visual pathways. A measurement of visual field. |
peripheral vision |
Side vision; obtained by stimuli falling on retinal areas distant from the macula. |
phacoemulsification
phakoemulsification |
The use of ultrasonic vibration to break up a cataract making it easier to remove. |
phaco or phako |
An abbreviation for Phakos the Greek word for the (Crystalline) Lens,
but also used as an abbreviation for phakoemulsification. |
phacoma |
A rare congenital tumour of the lens of the eye. |
phakic |
Containing a lens (see also Aphakic). |
phakic IOL |
An intraocular lens for implantation into a patient who still has their own (crystalline) lens. Used to correct Myopia, Hyperopia & Astigmatism. |
photalgia |
Pain in the eyes from exposure to too much light. |
photocoagulation |
The use of a powerful light source i.e. laser to induce inflammation of the retina and choroid to treat retinal detachment |
photophobia |
Abnormal sensitivity to and discomfort from light. It can occur in many eye conditions including conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, iritis and keratitis. |
photophthalmia |
Inflammation of the eye due to over exposure to bright light, especially ultra-violet light |
photopsia |
A sensation of flashes of light occurring sometimes in the early stages of retinal detachment. |
photoreceptors |
Rods and cones, the light sensitive cells of the retina. |
photorefractive keratectomy |
See PRK. |
phthisis bulbi |
Shrinking of the eyeball following inflammation, injury or surgery. |
pigment |
Colouring matter. |
pigmentation |
The deposit in the tissues of an abnormal amount of pigment. |
pilocarpine |
An eye drop used to constrict pupils, used in the treatment of glaucoma. |
pinguecula |
A degenerative condition in which yellowish-brown nodules appear under the conjunctiva on either side of the cornea. |
pink eye |
Acute contagious conjunctivitis. |
pleoptics |
An orthoptic method of improving the sight in cases of strabismus by stimulating the use of the macular part of the retina. |
polycoria |
A congenital abnormality in which there are one or more holes in the iris in addition to the pupil. |
polyopia |
The perception of two or more images of the same object; multiple vision. |
posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) |
See vitreous detachment. |
presbyopia |
Loss of elasticity in the lens with age so that it cannot bulge to focus on near objects; usually occurs after the age of 45. |
PRK |
An acronym of Photorefractive Keratectomy. A type of refractive surgery in which high intensity laser light is used to re-shape the corneal curvature. |
progressive additional lens (PAL) |
Eyeglass lens that incorporates correction for distance vision through mid range to near vision (usually in the lower part of the lens) with smooth transitions and no bifocal demarcation. |
proptosis |
Forward displacement of the eyeball. |
protanopia |
Partial colour blindness for red hues. |
pseudophakic |
Having an intraocular lens (IOL). |
PRK |
An acronym of PhotoRefractive Keratectomy. Type of refractive surgery where the cornea is re-shaped to change its optical power.
The outermost layer of the cornea, the corneal epithelium, is removed and then an excimer laser is used to reshape the exposed cornea, to correct myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. |
PSR |
Partial Sighted Registration |
pterygium |
A patch of thickened “wing shaped” conjunctiva which may develop over part of the cornea; it is commonest in hot, dusty, windy countries ± 40° Latitude. |
ptosis |
Drooping of the upper eyelid. |
punctum (lacrimalia) |
The two openings of the tear ducts in the inner corners of the upper and lower eyelids which drain into the upper and lower canaliculae.
[plural: Punctae]. |
pupil |
The circular aperture in the centre of the iris through which light passes into the eye. |
pupillary |
Referring to the pupil. |
Q
q.d.s. |
Four times a day. |
q.i.d. |
Four times a day. |
q.q.h. |
Every four hours. |
R
rectus |
Straight
- Rectus muscle of the eye: one of the four straight muscles which move the eyeball.
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radial keratotomy |
Series of radial cuts made in the corneal periphery to allow the centre of the cornea to flatten reducing its optical power and therefore correcting near sightedness (also abbreviated to RK). |
reflex |
- Accommodation Reflex: the alteration in the shape of the lens according to the distance of the image viewed.
- Corneal Reflex: the automatic closing of the eyelids following light pressure on the cornea. This is a test for unconsciousness which is absolute when there is no response.
- Light Reflex: alteration of the size of the pupil in response to exposure to light.
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refraction |
Test to determine the eye’s refractive error and the best corrective lens to be prescribed. A series of lenses in graduated powers are used to determine which will provide the sharpest, clearest vision. |
refractive error |
Optical defect in an unaccommodating eye; parallel light rays are not brought to a sharp focus on the retina producing a blurred image. Can be corrected by spectacles, contact lenses or refractive surgery. |
retina |
Light sensitive nerve tissue (rods and cones) in the eye that converts images from the eye’s optical system into electrical impulses that are sent along the optic nerve to the brain. |
retinal detachment |
Separation of the retina from the choroid that disrupts vision and usually requires surgical repair. |
retinitis pigmentosa |
A genetically determined, bilateral, retinal degeneration consisting of: retinal pigmentation with narrowing of the retinal blood vessels and “waxy” optic disc pallor. Patients have “tunnel vision” and “poor night vision”. |
retinoscope |
Instrument for measuring the eye’s refractive error with no effort from the patient. Light is projected into the eye and the movements of the light reflection from the eye are eliminated with lenses. |
RK |
An acronym of Radial Keratotomy. |
rods |
Thin cylindrical cells in the retina which respond to light, especially low level, but cannot distinguish colour. A normal retina contains 150 million rods. |
S
Schlemm’s canal |
Circular channel deep in the corneo-scleral junction that carries aqueous fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye to the bloodstream. |
Schlemm’s Canal Surgery |
(See canaloplasty & viscocanalostomy). |
Schlemm’s Canaloplasty |
(See canaloplasty). |
sclera |
The creamy-white fibrous protective outer layer of the eye that gives the eye it’s rounded shape. |
scotoma |
A blind area in the field of vision found in glaucoma and in diseases of the retina and visual pathways. |
slit lamp |
Microscope used for the examination of the eye allowing the cornea, lens and clear fluids and membranes to be seen in detail “in optical section”. |
Snellen chart |
Test chart used for assessing visual acuity containing rows of letters number or symbols in standardized graded sizes, with a designated distance at which each row should be legible to a normal eye. |
strabismus |
Eye misalignment caused by extraocular muscle imbalance (squint, wandering eye). |
stye |
Acute pustular infection of the oil glands located in an eyelash follicle at the lid margin (see hordeolum). |
T
t.d.s. |
Three times a day. |
tear fluid |
Watery liquid which washes over the conjunctiva and cornea when you blink. |
temporal arteritis |
Inflammation of the extra cranial arteries, particularly the carotid artery causing severe headache and may lead to blindness. |
t.i.d. |
Three times a day. |
tonometry |
Measurement of intraocular pressure. |
topography |
Corneal topography. Mapping of the corneal shape to fully understand its optical function. |
trabecular meshwork |
Mesh like structure inside the eye at the iris-corneo-scleral junction of the anterior chamber angle that filters aqueous fluid and controls its flow into Schlemm’s canal prior to it leaving the anterior chamber. |
trachoma |
A chronic contagious eye disease caused by a chlamydia that is common in hot countries and can cause eventual blindness if left untreated. |
trifocal |
Spectacles that incorporate three lenses of different powers, the main portion usually focused for distance, the centre for middle distance and the lower for near. Superseded by Varifocal Lenses. |
U
uvea, uveal tract |
Pigmented middle layer of the eye that contain most of the intraocular blood vessels. Consists of: iris, ciliary body & choroid. |
V
viscocanalostomy |
A primary open angle glaucoma surgical procedure in which an intra scleral lake (or reservoir) is formed in order to drain aqueous fluid back into Schlemm’s Canal. (See also Enhanced Viscocanalostomy & Canaloplasty). |
visual acuity |
Assessment of the eye’s ability to distinguish object details and shape using the smallest identifiable object that can be seen at a specified distance. |
visual cortex |
Region at the back of the brain that receives and interprets nerve messages received from the eyes. |
visual field |
The full extent of the area visible to an eye when the eye is fixated straight forward. |
vitreous (humour) |
Transparent colourless jelly-like material that fills the rear two thirds of the eyeball between the lens and the retina. |
vitreous detachment |
Separation of vitreous gel from the retinal surface; this is usually of no significance but can cause retinal tears that may lead to retinal detachment. Frequently occurs with aging as the vitreous liquifies or in certain conditions such high myopia. |
W
X
Y
YAG Laser |
A laser that produces a short pulsed high energy light beam to cut, perforate or fragment tissue i.e. capsulotomy or iridectomy.
Abbreviation of Nd-YAG (Neodymium Yttrium Aluminium Garnet). |
Z
zonule |
Radially arranged fibres that suspend the lens from the ciliary body and hold it in place (Suspensory Ligament). |
zonular |
Relating to the zonule. |
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